social.sokoll.com
| #tldr #science #research #articles #publications #summarization #summarizerTLDR: Extreme Summarization of Scientific Documents
We introduce TLDR generation, a new form of extreme summarization, for scientific papers. TLDR generation involves high source compression and requires expert background knowledge and understanding of complex domain-specific language. To facilitate study on this task, we introduce SciTLDR, a new multi-target dataset of 5.4K TLDRs over 3.2K papers. SciTLDR contains both author-written and expert-derived TLDRs, where the latter are collected using a novel annotation protocol that produces high-quality summaries while minimizing annotation burden. We propose CATTS, a simple yet effective learning strategy for generating TLDRs that exploits titles as an auxiliary training signal. CATTS improves upon strong baselines under both automated metrics and human evaluations. Data and code are publicly available at https://github.com/allenai/scitldr.arxiv.org
We introduce TLDR generation, a new form of extreme summarization, for scientific papers. TLDR generation involves high source compression and requires expert background knowledge and understanding of complex domain-specific language. To facilitate study on this task, we introduce SciTLDR, a new multi-target dataset of 5.4K TLDRs over 3.2K papers. SciTLDR contains both author-written and expert-derived TLDRs, where the latter are collected using a novel annotation protocol that produces high-quality summaries while minimizing annotation burden. We propose CATTS, a simple yet effective learning strategy for generating TLDRs that exploits titles as an auxiliary training signal. CATTS improves upon strong baselines under both automated metrics and human evaluations. Data and code are publicly available at https://github.com/allenai/scitldr.arxiv.org
#science #sciencemanuelacasasoli
See a Male Seahorse Give Birth
Unlike almost all other animal species, it is male seahorses who become pregnant and birth young.
Science in Images by Scientific AmericanSee a Male Seahorse Give Birth
Unlike almost all other animal species, it is male seahorses who become pregnant and birth youngwww.scientificamerican.com
Unlike almost all other animal species, it is male seahorses who become pregnant and birth youngwww.scientificamerican.com
Tocilizumab: Arthritis drug may treat severe Covid | BBC News
The rheumatoid arthritis drugs tocilizumab appears to treat people who are critically ill with Covid-19, early trial data shows.#science #medicine #health #Covid-19 #CoronaVirus #pandemicTocilizumab: Arthritis drug may treat severe Covid
Early signs suggest it may help patients with severe breathing difficulties who are on ventilators.www.bbc.co.uk
The rheumatoid arthritis drugs tocilizumab appears to treat people who are critically ill with Covid-19, early trial data shows.#science #medicine #health #Covid-19 #CoronaVirus #pandemic
Early signs suggest it may help patients with severe breathing difficulties who are on ventilators.www.bbc.co.uk
I just got the word that sadly the damaged Arecibo Observatory will not be repaired/reconstructed but abandoned and possibly demolished. :(
#Arecibo #SETI #Observatory #science #astrophysics #radioastronomy :(
#science #sciencemanuelacasasoli
Potentially harmful aerosols concentrate in European urban centres
Atmospheric particles that increase levels of cellular oxidants when inhaled might be especially harmful. An analysis reveals which #emissions should be limited to minimize the potential adverse #health effects of such particles in Europe.
Daellenbach et al. (2020) Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and its oxidative potential in Europe: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2902-8Potentially harmful aerosols concentrate in European urban centres
An analysis of atmospheric particles that have oxidation potential.www.nature.com
#ayahuasca #dmt #drugs #neurochemistry #neurology #brain #neurogenesis #biology #psychadelics #psychadelia #science #medicine #mentalHealthAyahuasca Stimulates Neurogenesis In The Hippocampus, Study Shows
A psychedelic Amazonian drink called ayahuasca has been found to promote the birth of new brain cells in the hippocampus, a part of the brain that is largewww.iflscience.com
A psychedelic Amazonian drink called ayahuasca has been found to promote the birth of new brain cells in the hippocampus, a part of the brain that is largewww.iflscience.com
#science #sciencemanuelacasasoli
A Butterfly’s Brilliant Blue Wings Lead to Less Toxic Paint
"Structural Color": from the proteins in the butterflies’ wings to #sustainable colors without dyes and pigments that can be harmful to human health and the environment.
Cypris Materials: http://www.cyprismaterials.com/A Butterfly’s Brilliant Blue Wings Lead to Less Toxic Paint
A phenomenon known as structural color could be translated to a range of commercial productswww.scientificamerican.com
A phenomenon known as structural color could be translated to a range of commercial productswww.scientificamerican.com
Earth from Space: Darmstadt
Video: 00:03:56
In this week's edition of the Earth from Space programme, the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission takes us over Darmstadt, Germany, home to ESA’s European Space Operations Centre,
See also Darmstadt, Germany to download the image.
#news #space #science #esa #europeanspaceagency
posted by pod_feeder_v2
As the air gets drier, and people stay indoors with the heater on, humidity will likely play a role in how easily the respiratory virus spreads.www.wired.com
#science #sciencemanuelacasasoli
By prioritizing phylogenetic diversity and making data available quickly and without restriction, the Zoonomia Project aims to support biological discovery, medical research and the conservation of biodiversity.
A comparative genomics multitool for scientific discovery and conservation
Largest set of mammalian genomes reveals species at risk of extinction
#science #sciencemanuelacasasoli
Tropical cyclones weaken after they reach land. But it emerges that for the North Atlantic basin, storms are weakening more slowly as regional sea surface temperatures increase.
Tropical cyclones could last longer after landfall in a warming world
Slower decay of landfalling hurricanes in a warming world
Aliens among us...
#Animals
#ScienceHow Bunny the dog is pushing scientists’ buttons
What the TikTok star can teach us about animal cognitionwww.theverge.com
What the TikTok star can teach us about animal cognitionwww.theverge.com
English version of our study about #Google and the #media out now!
❓ The study describes how Google has funnelled more than 200 million euro in cash gifts to #european media since 2013 - and ask for the consequences for media #independence
👆 Download the english version here:
https://www.otto-brenner-stiftung.de/wissenschaftsportal/publikationen/titel/google-the-media-patron/aktion/show/
🙏 Supported by the Germand Trade Union Confederation #DGB and authors of #Netzpolitik
#journalism #digitalisation #BigTech #GAFAM #news #science #patron #money
#science #sciencemanuelacasasoli
Big data and simple models used to track the spread of COVID-19 in cities
Understanding the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infections could help to limit viral spread. Analysing mobile-phone data to track human contacts at different city venues offers a way to model infection risks and explain infection disparities.
Chang et al. (2020) Mobility network models of COVID-19 explain inequities and inform reopening: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2923-3Big data and simple models used to track the spread of COVID-19 in cities
Mobile-phone data used to model infection risks at city venues.www.nature.com
Mobile-phone data used to model infection risks at city venues.www.nature.com
#Science #Chemistry #MendeleevNumbers #MaterialPropertiesRussian scientists crack Mendeleev mystery
https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/business/russian-scientists-crack-mendeleev-mystery-2020-11/
Russian scientists have created a chemical space mapping method and cracked the mystery of Mendeleev Numbers.
Scientists had long tried to come up with a system for predicting the properties of materials based on their chemical composition until they set sights on the concept of a chemical space which places materials in a reference frame such that neighboring chemical elements and compounds plotted along its axes have similar properties.
This idea was first proposed in 1984 by the British physicist, David G. Pettifor, who assigned a Mendeleev number (MN) to each element.
Yet the meaning and origin of MNs were unclear. Scientists from the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) puzzled out the physical meaning of the mysterious MNs and suggested calculating them based on the fundamental properties of atoms.
They showed that both MNs and the chemical space built around them were more effective than empirical solutions proposed until then. Their research supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation’s (RSF) World-class Lab Research Presidential Program was presented in The Journal of Physical Chemistry C.
Systematizing the enormous variety of chemical compounds, both known and hypothetical, and pinpointing those with a particularly interesting property is a tall order. Measuring the properties of all imaginable compounds in experiment or calculating them theoretically is downright impossible, which suggests that the search should be narrowed down to a smaller space.
David G. Pettifor put forward the idea of a chemical space in the attempt to somehow organize the knowledge about material properties. The chemical space is basically a reference frame where elements are plotted along the axes in a certain sequence such that the neighboring elements, for instance Na and K, have similar properties.
The points within the space represent compounds, so that the neighbors, for example NaCl and KCl, have similar properties, too. In this setting, one area is occupied by superhard materials and another by ultrasoft ones.
Having the chemical space at hand, one could create an algorithm for finding the best material among all possible compounds of all elements. To build their “smart” map, Skoltech scientists, Artem R. Oganov and Zahed Allahyari, came up with their own universal approach that boasts the highest predictive power as compared to the best known methods.
For many years scientists were clueless as to how Pettifor derived his MNs (if not empirically), while their physical meaning remained a nearly “esoteric” mystery for years.
“I had been wondering about what these MNs are for 15 years until I realized that they are most likely rooted in the atom’s fundamental properties, such as radius, electronegativity, polarizability, and valence. While valence is variable for many elements, polarizability is strongly correlated with electronegativity.
This leaves us with radius and electronegativity which can be reduced to one property through a simple mathematical transformation. And here we go: we obtain an MN that turns out to be the best way to describe all the properties of an atom, and by a single number at that,” explains Artem R. Oganov, RSF grant project lead, a professor at Skoltech and MISiS, a Member of the Academia Europaea, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) and a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS).
The scientists used the calculated MNs to arrange all the elements in a sequence that posed as the abscissa and ordinate axes at the same time. Each point in space In corresponds to all compounds of the corresponding elements. In this space, using measured or predicted properties of compounds, one can map any specific characteristic, for example, hardness, magnetization, enthalpy of formation, etc. A property map thus produced clearly showed the areas containing the most promising compounds, such as superhard or magnetic materials
#Science #Chemistry #MendeleevNumbers #MaterialPropertiesRussian scientists crack Mendeleev mystery
https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/business/russian-scientists-crack-mendeleev-mystery-2020-11/
Russian scientists have created a chemical space mapping method and cracked the mystery of Mendeleev Numbers.
Scientists had long tried to come up with a system for predicting the properties of materials based on their chemical composition until they set sights on the concept of a chemical space which places materials in a reference frame such that neighboring chemical elements and compounds plotted along its axes have similar properties.
This idea was first proposed in 1984 by the British physicist, David G. Pettifor, who assigned a Mendeleev number (MN) to each element.
Yet the meaning and origin of MNs were unclear. Scientists from the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) puzzled out the physical meaning of the mysterious MNs and suggested calculating them based on the fundamental properties of atoms.
They showed that both MNs and the chemical space built around them were more effective than empirical solutions proposed until then. Their research supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation’s (RSF) World-class Lab Research Presidential Program was presented in The Journal of Physical Chemistry C.
Systematizing the enormous variety of chemical compounds, both known and hypothetical, and pinpointing those with a particularly interesting property is a tall order. Measuring the properties of all imaginable compounds in experiment or calculating them theoretically is downright impossible, which suggests that the search should be narrowed down to a smaller space.
David G. Pettifor put forward the idea of a chemical space in the attempt to somehow organize the knowledge about material properties. The chemical space is basically a reference frame where elements are plotted along the axes in a certain sequence such that the neighboring elements, for instance Na and K, have similar properties.
The points within the space represent compounds, so that the neighbors, for example NaCl and KCl, have similar properties, too. In this setting, one area is occupied by superhard materials and another by ultrasoft ones.
Having the chemical space at hand, one could create an algorithm for finding the best material among all possible compounds of all elements. To build their “smart” map, Skoltech scientists, Artem R. Oganov and Zahed Allahyari, came up with their own universal approach that boasts the highest predictive power as compared to the best known methods.
For many years scientists were clueless as to how Pettifor derived his MNs (if not empirically), while their physical meaning remained a nearly “esoteric” mystery for years.
“I had been wondering about what these MNs are for 15 years until I realized that they are most likely rooted in the atom’s fundamental properties, such as radius, electronegativity, polarizability, and valence. While valence is variable for many elements, polarizability is strongly correlated with electronegativity.
This leaves us with radius and electronegativity which can be reduced to one property through a simple mathematical transformation. And here we go: we obtain an MN that turns out to be the best way to describe all the properties of an atom, and by a single number at that,” explains Artem R. Oganov, RSF grant project lead, a professor at Skoltech and MISiS, a Member of the Academia Europaea, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC) and a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS).
The scientists used the calculated MNs to arrange all the elements in a sequence that posed as the abscissa and ordinate axes at the same time. Each point in space In corresponds to all compounds of the corresponding elements. In this space, using measured or predicted properties of compounds, one can map any specific characteristic, for example, hardness, magnetization, enthalpy of formation, etc. A property map thus produced clearly showed the areas containing the most promising compounds, such as superhard or magnetic materials
Scientists 3D print microscopic Star Trek spaceship that moves by itself
The miniature Voyager, 15 micrometers (0.015 millimeters) long, is part of a project researchers at Leiden University conducted to understand how shape affects the movement and interactions of micro-swimmers. Micro-swimmers are small particles that can move independently through liquid by interacting with their surroundings through chemical reactions. The platinum coating on the micro floats reacts to a hydrogen peroxide solution that they are placed in and that propels them through the liquid.#science #StarTrek
The miniature Voyager, 15 micrometers (0.015 millimeters) long, is part of a project researchers at Leiden University conducted to understand how shape affects the movement and interactions of micro-swimmers. Micro-swimmers are small particles that can move independently through liquid by interacting with their surroundings through chemical reactions. The platinum coating on the micro floats reacts to a hydrogen peroxide solution that they are placed in and that propels them through the liquid.#science #StarTrek
Detecting pollution from individual ships from space
For the first time, scientists, using data from the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite, are now able to detect nitrogen dioxide plumes from individual ships from space.
#news #space #science #esa #europeanspaceagency
posted by pod_feeder_v2Detecting pollution from individual ships from space
For the first time, scientists, using data from the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite, are now able to detect nitrogen dioxide plumes from individual ships from space.www.esa.int
For the first time, scientists, using data from the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite, are now able to detect nitrogen dioxide plumes from individual ships from space.www.esa.int
More woes from Arecibo :
#Science
#AstronomyGood morning,
I’m reaching out to you with some disheartening news. We had another
cable break at the Arecibo Observatory Friday night. We will be
notifying the broader community later this morning, but I wanted you to
hear it first from us.
A main cable that supports the Arecibo Observatory broke Friday at about
7:40 p.m. Puerto Rico time.
Unlike the auxiliary cable that failed on Aug. 10, this main cable did
not slip out of its socket. It broke and fell onto the reflector dish
below causing additional damage to the dish and other nearby cables. No
one was hurt and engineers are already working to determine the best way
to stabilize the structure.
A safety zone has been set up around the dish out of an abundance of
caution and only personnel needed to respond to the incident are allowed
onsite.
We haven’t determined why the main cable broke, but we suspect it is
related to the extra load the remaining cables have been carrying since
August. A monitoring team has been closely watching all the cables and
platform since then as part of the facility’s safety and temporary
emergency repair plan. We had noted and were tracking broken wires on
the main cable that failed Friday. As timing would have it, we were
waiting for a team of engineers scheduled to arrive Tuesday, Nov. 10,
who were expected to begin temporary emergency repairs related to the
August incident.
This is certainly not what we wanted to see, but the important thing is
that no one got hurt. We have been thoughtful in our evaluation and
prioritized safety in planning for the repairs that were supposed to
begin Tuesday. Now this. There is much uncertainty until we can
stabilize the structure. It has our full attention and we are working
with our partners and stakeholders. We are evaluating the situation and
hope to have more to share soon.
We’ve been working with the engineering firms WSP, Thornton Thomasetti
and Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates Inc. since Friday night to come up
with a strategy to address the new break. You’ll remember we retained
these firms in September in connection with the first cable failure. We
have also been in touch with NSF and they know the situation is urgent.
Our current plan is to reduce the tension in the existing cables at
tower 4 and install steel reinforcements to temporarily alleviate some
of the additional load that is being distributed among the remaining
cables. We are mobilizing to do the work as quickly as possible. We are
also attempting to expedite the arrival of two new cables that were
already on order. That’s the current plan pending further evaluation,
which will be taking place over the next few days.
We also have a supplemental funding request pending NSF approval to make
temporary repairs related for the original break. There is no cost
estimate for the new repairs that will be needed at this time. We will
continue to update you on our progress.
I know 2020 has been a tremendously challenging year. This is a setback.
But we remain committed to getting the facility back online.
Thanks,
Francisco Cordova
Director-Arecibo Observatory
Good morning,
I’m reaching out to you with some disheartening news. We had another
cable break at the Arecibo Observatory Friday night. We will be
notifying the broader community later this morning, but I wanted you to
hear it first from us.
A main cable that supports the Arecibo Observatory broke Friday at about
7:40 p.m. Puerto Rico time.
Unlike the auxiliary cable that failed on Aug. 10, this main cable did
not slip out of its socket. It broke and fell onto the reflector dish
below causing additional damage to the dish and other nearby cables. No
one was hurt and engineers are already working to determine the best way
to stabilize the structure.
A safety zone has been set up around the dish out of an abundance of
caution and only personnel needed to respond to the incident are allowed
onsite.
We haven’t determined why the main cable broke, but we suspect it is
related to the extra load the remaining cables have been carrying since
August. A monitoring team has been closely watching all the cables and
platform since then as part of the facility’s safety and temporary
emergency repair plan. We had noted and were tracking broken wires on
the main cable that failed Friday. As timing would have it, we were
waiting for a team of engineers scheduled to arrive Tuesday, Nov. 10,
who were expected to begin temporary emergency repairs related to the
August incident.
This is certainly not what we wanted to see, but the important thing is
that no one got hurt. We have been thoughtful in our evaluation and
prioritized safety in planning for the repairs that were supposed to
begin Tuesday. Now this. There is much uncertainty until we can
stabilize the structure. It has our full attention and we are working
with our partners and stakeholders. We are evaluating the situation and
hope to have more to share soon.
We’ve been working with the engineering firms WSP, Thornton Thomasetti
and Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates Inc. since Friday night to come up
with a strategy to address the new break. You’ll remember we retained
these firms in September in connection with the first cable failure. We
have also been in touch with NSF and they know the situation is urgent.
Our current plan is to reduce the tension in the existing cables at
tower 4 and install steel reinforcements to temporarily alleviate some
of the additional load that is being distributed among the remaining
cables. We are mobilizing to do the work as quickly as possible. We are
also attempting to expedite the arrival of two new cables that were
already on order. That’s the current plan pending further evaluation,
which will be taking place over the next few days.
We also have a supplemental funding request pending NSF approval to make
temporary repairs related for the original break. There is no cost
estimate for the new repairs that will be needed at this time. We will
continue to update you on our progress.
I know 2020 has been a tremendously challenging year. This is a setback.
But we remain committed to getting the facility back online.
Thanks,
Francisco Cordova
Director-Arecibo Observatory
When you carefully put cables into a box, carry the box around, and expect neatly stacked cables when opening said box again... nope. Here is an attempt at "why cables don't frigging stay put". Science, baby!Spontaneous knotting of an agitated string
#internet #cables #cat7 #knot #scienceSpontaneous knotting of an agitated string
It is well known that a jostled string tends to become knotted; yet the factors governing the “spontaneous” formation of various knots are unclear. We performed experiments in which a string was tumbled inside a box and found that complex knots often form within seconds. We used mathematical knot theory to analyze the knots. Above a critical string length, the probability P of knotting at first increased sharply with length but then saturated below 100%. This behavior differs from that of mathematical self-avoiding random walks, where P has been proven to approach 100%. Finite agitation time and jamming of the string due to its stiffness result in lower probability, but P approaches 100% with long, flexible strings. We analyzed the knots by calculating their Jones polynomials via computer analysis of digital photos of the string. Remarkably, almost all were identified as prime knots: 120 different types, having minimum crossing numbers up to 11, were observed in 3,415 trials. All prime knots with up to seven crossings were observed. The relative probability of forming a knot decreased exponentially with minimum crossing number and Möbius energy, mathematical measures of knot complexity. Based on the observation that long, stiff strings tend to form a coiled structure when confined, we propose a simple model to describe the knot formation based on random “braid moves” of the string end. Our model can qualitatively account for the observed distribution of knots and dependence on agitation time and string length.www.pnas.org
It is well known that a jostled string tends to become knotted; yet the factors governing the “spontaneous” formation of various knots are unclear. We performed experiments in which a string was tumbled inside a box and found that complex knots often form within seconds. We used mathematical knot theory to analyze the knots. Above a critical string length, the probability P of knotting at first increased sharply with length but then saturated below 100%. This behavior differs from that of mathematical self-avoiding random walks, where P has been proven to approach 100%. Finite agitation time and jamming of the string due to its stiffness result in lower probability, but P approaches 100% with long, flexible strings. We analyzed the knots by calculating their Jones polynomials via computer analysis of digital photos of the string. Remarkably, almost all were identified as prime knots: 120 different types, having minimum crossing numbers up to 11, were observed in 3,415 trials. All prime knots with up to seven crossings were observed. The relative probability of forming a knot decreased exponentially with minimum crossing number and Möbius energy, mathematical measures of knot complexity. Based on the observation that long, stiff strings tend to form a coiled structure when confined, we propose a simple model to describe the knot formation based on random “braid moves” of the string end. Our model can qualitatively account for the observed distribution of knots and dependence on agitation time and string length.www.pnas.org
Researchers from the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) and Umeå University wanted to advance medical countermeasures for nerve agent poisoning. In the process they ended up solving a 50-year-old mystery that also has potential implications for the treatment of neurological conditions and blood pressure disorders.www.foi.se
Voyager 2 is back online after eight months of radio silence • The Register
The antenna in question is named Deep Space Station 43 (DSS43) and is located just outside Canberra, Australia's capital city. The facility's 70-metre-wide main dish is 48 years old, and the only antenna of that size in the southern hemisphere. As Voyager 2 is heading southwards compared to Earth's orbital plane, only a dish south of the equator can send the probe a sufficiently powerful signal.https://www.theregister.com/2020/11/03/voyager_2_back_online/
#scienceVoyager 2 is back online after eight months of radio silence
Australian antenna upgrade appears to have worked, should be ready to help with imminent Mars landingswww.theregister.com
The antenna in question is named Deep Space Station 43 (DSS43) and is located just outside Canberra, Australia's capital city. The facility's 70-metre-wide main dish is 48 years old, and the only antenna of that size in the southern hemisphere. As Voyager 2 is heading southwards compared to Earth's orbital plane, only a dish south of the equator can send the probe a sufficiently powerful signal.https://www.theregister.com/2020/11/03/voyager_2_back_online/
Australian antenna upgrade appears to have worked, should be ready to help with imminent Mars landingswww.theregister.com
#science #sciencemanuelacasasoli
NASA's Curiosity Mars rover spotted this dust devil with one of its Navigation Cameras around 11:35 a.m. local Mars time on Aug. 9, 2020 (the 2,847th Martian day, or sol, of the mission). The frames in this GIF were shot over 4 minutes and 15 seconds.Curiosity Spots a Dust Devil in the Hills – NASA’s Mars Exploration Program
NASA's Curiosity Mars rover spotted this dust devil with one of its Navigation Cameras around 11:35 a.m. local Mars time on Aug. 9, 2020 (the 2,847th Martian day, or sol, of the mission).mars.nasa.gov
