social.sokoll.com
The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance to SARS-CoV-2 transmission | Zenodo
Movies that show the experimental setup and the full 85-minute observation of speech droplet nuclei.https://zenodo.org/record/3770559#.X5szhtT7SCP
The full movie recording of highly sensitive laser light scattering observations that indicate loud-speaking generates, in addition to hundreds of regular droplets, also many thousands of micro-droplets per second. This movie clip shows the decay of airborne particles.
#covid-19 #CoronaVirus #pandemic #SARS-CoV-2 #speech #health #aerosol #aerosols #particles #physics #scienceThe airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance to SARS-CoV-2 transmission
Movies that show the experimental setup and the full 85-minute observation of speech droplet nuclei. The full movie recording of highly sensitive laser light scattering observations that indicate loud-speaking generates, in addition to hundreds of regular droplets, also many thousands of micro-droplets per second. This movie clip shows the decay of airborne particles. Note: some parts of the audio of the clips were muted for privacy.zenodo.org
Movies that show the experimental setup and the full 85-minute observation of speech droplet nuclei.https://zenodo.org/record/3770559#.X5szhtT7SCP
The full movie recording of highly sensitive laser light scattering observations that indicate loud-speaking generates, in addition to hundreds of regular droplets, also many thousands of micro-droplets per second. This movie clip shows the decay of airborne particles.
Movies that show the experimental setup and the full 85-minute observation of speech droplet nuclei. The full movie recording of highly sensitive laser light scattering observations that indicate loud-speaking generates, in addition to hundreds of regular droplets, also many thousands of micro-droplets per second. This movie clip shows the decay of airborne particles. Note: some parts of the audio of the clips were muted for privacy.zenodo.org
A #brachistochrone #curve is the curve of fastest descent between two points not directly below each other -- interestingly not a straight or polygonal line but a cycloid.
#math #physics
The fastest expert jugglers can make nearly 500 catches per minute, which translates into just 120 milliseconds per catch—faster than human reaction times even in high-speed sports like tennis, in which a player typically takes 200 milliseconds to adjust their performance. The Guinness world record for juggling is currently 11 balls.#science #physics #juggling
The accuracy required is a measure of how unstable and difficult a juggling pattern is.arstechnica.com
Freeman John Dyson... R.I.P., the Free Man
15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020
Freeman John Dyson was an English-born American theoretical physicist and mathematician known for his work in quantum electrodynamics, solid-state physics, astronomy and nuclear engineering. He was professor emeritus in the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, a member of the Board of Visitors of Ralston College and a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.MORE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson
Dyson originated several concepts that bear his name, such as Dyson's transform, a fundamental technique in additive number theory, which he developed as part of his proof of Mann's theorem; the Dyson tree, a hypothetical genetically-engineered plant capable of growing in a comet; the Dyson series, a perturbative series where each term is represented by Feynman diagrams; the Dyson sphere, a thought experiment that attempts to explain how a space-faring civilization would meet its energy requirements with a hypothetical megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output; and Dyson's eternal intelligence, a means by which an immortal society of intelligent beings in an open universe could escape the prospect of the heat death of the universe by extending subjective time to infinity while expending only a finite amount of energy.
Dyson believed global warming is caused by increased carbon dioxide through burning fossil fuels but that some of the effects of this are favourable and not taken into account by climate scientists, such as increased agricultural yield. He was skeptical about the simulation models used to predict climate change, arguing that political efforts to reduce causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority.
Dyson died after a fall, at a hospital near Princeton, New Jersey, on 28 February 2020 at age 96.
ConceptsPhoto: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license
- Biotechnology and genetic engineering
- The Origin of Life
- Dyson sphere
- Dyson tree
- Space colonies
- Space exploration
- Dyson's eternal intelligence
- Dyson's transform
- Dyson series
- Quantum physics and prime numbers
- Rank of a partition
- Crank of a partition
- Astrochicken
#Dyson #biotechnology #genetic #engineering #intelligence #quantum #physics #mathematic #electrodynamics #solid-state #astronom #nuclear #engineering #RIP #news #photo #USA #climate #change #science
Freeman John Dyson was an English-born American theoretical physicist and mathematician known for his work in quantum electrodynamics, solid-state physics, astronomy and nuclear engineering. He was professor emeritus in the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, a member of the Board of Visitors of Ralston College and a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.MORE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Dyson
Dyson originated several concepts that bear his name, such as Dyson's transform, a fundamental technique in additive number theory, which he developed as part of his proof of Mann's theorem; the Dyson tree, a hypothetical genetically-engineered plant capable of growing in a comet; the Dyson series, a perturbative series where each term is represented by Feynman diagrams; the Dyson sphere, a thought experiment that attempts to explain how a space-faring civilization would meet its energy requirements with a hypothetical megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output; and Dyson's eternal intelligence, a means by which an immortal society of intelligent beings in an open universe could escape the prospect of the heat death of the universe by extending subjective time to infinity while expending only a finite amount of energy.
Dyson believed global warming is caused by increased carbon dioxide through burning fossil fuels but that some of the effects of this are favourable and not taken into account by climate scientists, such as increased agricultural yield. He was skeptical about the simulation models used to predict climate change, arguing that political efforts to reduce causes of climate change distract from other global problems that should take priority.
Dyson died after a fall, at a hospital near Princeton, New Jersey, on 28 February 2020 at age 96.
Hey everyone, I’m #newhere. I’m interested in #art, #fantasy, #foss, #gentoo, #linguistics, #linux, #philosophy, #photo, #photography, and #physics.
Behold the Matryoshka Diamond. #science #chemistry #chem #physics #miningA Diamond With a Whole Other Diamond Inside It Was Discovered in Siberia
Humans have been mining diamonds for a long time, but a new stone hauled from the belly of the Earth could very well be a first. The diamond itself is hollow - and inside is another diamond, freely moving around.www.sciencealert.com
Humans have been mining diamonds for a long time, but a new stone hauled from the belly of the Earth could very well be a first. The diamond itself is hollow - and inside is another diamond, freely moving around.www.sciencealert.com
How to bend flat glass perfectly around corners
https://phys.org/news/2019-10-flat-glass-perfectly-corners.htmlResearchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM have developed a new process that can bend sheets of glass to produce angular corners. Unlike conventional processes, this does not impair the optical properties of the glass. Bent glass looks destined to play a key role in future building design, and there are also potential applications in the fields of medical technology and industrial design.#Physics #Glass #BendingGlass #Architecture
Generally speaking, window glass is flat. When constructing the walls of a building, apertures are therefore left for windows to later be inserted. Occasionally, however, smart office blocks and apartment buildings feature windows that wrap around the corners of the structure. To achieve this, window manufacturers join two panes of glass at an angle, using either a metal profile or an adhesive bond. Now, however, researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM in Freiburg have developed a spectacular way of bending sheets of glass—to angles of 90°, for example—so that the corner thereby produced is sharp and angular. In other words, they have made the corner an integral part of a single sheet of glass. "We've already had lots of positive feedback from architects," says Tobias Rist, a specialist in glass forming at Fraunhofer IWM and head of the Glass Forming and Machining group." A lot of them are now keen to know when this corner glass will be available. But our lab system only processes sheets of glass one square meter in size, so we're only able to produce prototypes." The research team is therefore eager to join forces with partners and scale up the process to produce larger formats.
Machinery for bending glass does of course already exist. Current technology, however, is incapable of producing narrow curvatures or a clean-edged bend of 90°. What's more, conventional processes often impair the optical properties of the glass. In order to bend a sheet of glass, it is placed in a metal mold and then reheated. This renders the glass soft and malleable, so that it can be shaped according to the contours of the mold. This can cause the glass to deform at the contact points with the support. So once the glass has cooled down, faint imprints remain that are visible when inspected at close range. Moreover, the molding process causes corrugations to form on the surface of the glass, with the result that light is no longer reflected uniformly. When passersby look at the curved parts of a building's glass facade, the reflections of objects such as trees or street signs therefore appear distorted. Similarly, objects viewed from within the building look strangely skewed.
Using the new laser-based glass-bending process, it is possible to achieve precisely defined and extremely small bend radii, so that even laminated safety glass can be bent around a corner. The sheets of glass in the image are three millimeters thick. Credit: Fraunhofer IWM
The team from Fraunhofer IWM has circumvented this problem by developing their own kiln. Instead of heating the entire sheet of glass until it becomes soft, only the area of the glass where the actual bending is to take place is heated to that point. This is done by means of a laser and mirrors, which guide the powerful beam along the bend line. The kiln is heated to around 500° Celsius, just below the so-called glass transition temperature, at which point glass becomes soft. "And then the laser only has to heat the glass at the relevant area by a few more degrees until it reaches the glass transition temperature, and we are able to bend it," Rist explains. In this case, bending is accomplished by means of gravity. In the kiln, the sheet of glass rests on a support that only extends as far as the line of the future bend. Once the laser has heated the glass along this line, the sheet of glass becomes soft and bends purely through the force of gravity. Since only the line of the bend is heated until soft, rather than the entire sheet, there are no imprints created where the sheet rests on the support. In other words, the glass remains perfectly smooth except for where it has been bent.
In developing the process, the researchers first constructed sophisticated computer models of the bending process. This showed them how fast the laser has to travel in order to ensure that the glass becomes soft in the required manner and as uniformly as possible. Since glass is a poor thermal conductor, it was also important to calculate how rapidly the heat from the laser penetrates from the surface to within the glass and the extent to which the heat from the laser spreads laterally from the laser point into the sheet of glass. Armed with the knowledge gained from the modeling process, the researchers then set about experimenting. "We now know how to control the laser in order to bend glass of the required thickness to achieve the exact angle—or bend radius—we want," says Rist. "We're the first to be able to produce a 90° bend like this. Architects who've seen the results are really excited." Furthermore, the process can also be used to bend a series of glass sheets to specific, graduated radii so as to produce sandwich structures and sheets of laminated, safety and insulating glass.
According to Rist, there are potential applications in many other areas apart from architecture as well—including industrial design. For example, this technique could be used to cover household appliances with a continuous sheath of glass, instead of the usual combination of plastic and metal sheets. This glass skin would extend down from the top to the angled front of the appliance, without gaps or joints, and cover a touchscreen control panel. Such a design would be not only highly attractive but also simple to clean on account of the gap-free surface.
For reasons of hygiene, glass is also an ideal material for the manufacture of medical equipment. Steel, by contrast, is relatively easy to scratch. High heat or strong disinfectants are then required to eradicate the germs that can accumulate in the scored surface. Equipment with a glass surface is much easier to clean, not least because glass is highly resistant to scratching and is able to withstand aggressive cleaning agents. "Using our process, it would be possible to produce a single glass sheath to cover the top and sides of such equipment," says Rist. "And this would also avoid any edges or joints where germs could build up." In fact, there is a whole host of applications where this new glass would prove beneficial, including store fittings such as display cabinets and refrigerated counters. Rist and his team are therefore keen to work with manufacturers from a wide variety of sectors.How to bend flat glass perfectly around corners
Researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM have developed a new process that can bend sheets of glass to produce angular corners. Unlike conventional processes, this does not impair the optical properties of the glass. Bent glass looks destined to play a key role in future building design, and there are also potential applications in the fields of medical technology and industrial design.phys.org
Researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM have developed a new process that can bend sheets of glass to produce angular corners. Unlike conventional processes, this does not impair the optical properties of the glass. Bent glass looks destined to play a key role in future building design, and there are also potential applications in the fields of medical technology and industrial design.#Physics #Glass #BendingGlass #Architecture
Generally speaking, window glass is flat. When constructing the walls of a building, apertures are therefore left for windows to later be inserted. Occasionally, however, smart office blocks and apartment buildings feature windows that wrap around the corners of the structure. To achieve this, window manufacturers join two panes of glass at an angle, using either a metal profile or an adhesive bond. Now, however, researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM in Freiburg have developed a spectacular way of bending sheets of glass—to angles of 90°, for example—so that the corner thereby produced is sharp and angular. In other words, they have made the corner an integral part of a single sheet of glass. "We've already had lots of positive feedback from architects," says Tobias Rist, a specialist in glass forming at Fraunhofer IWM and head of the Glass Forming and Machining group." A lot of them are now keen to know when this corner glass will be available. But our lab system only processes sheets of glass one square meter in size, so we're only able to produce prototypes." The research team is therefore eager to join forces with partners and scale up the process to produce larger formats.
Machinery for bending glass does of course already exist. Current technology, however, is incapable of producing narrow curvatures or a clean-edged bend of 90°. What's more, conventional processes often impair the optical properties of the glass. In order to bend a sheet of glass, it is placed in a metal mold and then reheated. This renders the glass soft and malleable, so that it can be shaped according to the contours of the mold. This can cause the glass to deform at the contact points with the support. So once the glass has cooled down, faint imprints remain that are visible when inspected at close range. Moreover, the molding process causes corrugations to form on the surface of the glass, with the result that light is no longer reflected uniformly. When passersby look at the curved parts of a building's glass facade, the reflections of objects such as trees or street signs therefore appear distorted. Similarly, objects viewed from within the building look strangely skewed.
Using the new laser-based glass-bending process, it is possible to achieve precisely defined and extremely small bend radii, so that even laminated safety glass can be bent around a corner. The sheets of glass in the image are three millimeters thick. Credit: Fraunhofer IWM
The team from Fraunhofer IWM has circumvented this problem by developing their own kiln. Instead of heating the entire sheet of glass until it becomes soft, only the area of the glass where the actual bending is to take place is heated to that point. This is done by means of a laser and mirrors, which guide the powerful beam along the bend line. The kiln is heated to around 500° Celsius, just below the so-called glass transition temperature, at which point glass becomes soft. "And then the laser only has to heat the glass at the relevant area by a few more degrees until it reaches the glass transition temperature, and we are able to bend it," Rist explains. In this case, bending is accomplished by means of gravity. In the kiln, the sheet of glass rests on a support that only extends as far as the line of the future bend. Once the laser has heated the glass along this line, the sheet of glass becomes soft and bends purely through the force of gravity. Since only the line of the bend is heated until soft, rather than the entire sheet, there are no imprints created where the sheet rests on the support. In other words, the glass remains perfectly smooth except for where it has been bent.
In developing the process, the researchers first constructed sophisticated computer models of the bending process. This showed them how fast the laser has to travel in order to ensure that the glass becomes soft in the required manner and as uniformly as possible. Since glass is a poor thermal conductor, it was also important to calculate how rapidly the heat from the laser penetrates from the surface to within the glass and the extent to which the heat from the laser spreads laterally from the laser point into the sheet of glass. Armed with the knowledge gained from the modeling process, the researchers then set about experimenting. "We now know how to control the laser in order to bend glass of the required thickness to achieve the exact angle—or bend radius—we want," says Rist. "We're the first to be able to produce a 90° bend like this. Architects who've seen the results are really excited." Furthermore, the process can also be used to bend a series of glass sheets to specific, graduated radii so as to produce sandwich structures and sheets of laminated, safety and insulating glass.
According to Rist, there are potential applications in many other areas apart from architecture as well—including industrial design. For example, this technique could be used to cover household appliances with a continuous sheath of glass, instead of the usual combination of plastic and metal sheets. This glass skin would extend down from the top to the angled front of the appliance, without gaps or joints, and cover a touchscreen control panel. Such a design would be not only highly attractive but also simple to clean on account of the gap-free surface.
For reasons of hygiene, glass is also an ideal material for the manufacture of medical equipment. Steel, by contrast, is relatively easy to scratch. High heat or strong disinfectants are then required to eradicate the germs that can accumulate in the scored surface. Equipment with a glass surface is much easier to clean, not least because glass is highly resistant to scratching and is able to withstand aggressive cleaning agents. "Using our process, it would be possible to produce a single glass sheath to cover the top and sides of such equipment," says Rist. "And this would also avoid any edges or joints where germs could build up." In fact, there is a whole host of applications where this new glass would prove beneficial, including store fittings such as display cabinets and refrigerated counters. Rist and his team are therefore keen to work with manufacturers from a wide variety of sectors.
Researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM have developed a new process that can bend sheets of glass to produce angular corners. Unlike conventional processes, this does not impair the optical properties of the glass. Bent glass looks destined to play a key role in future building design, and there are also potential applications in the fields of medical technology and industrial design.phys.org
Accelerating Expansion | https://heyokyay.com/accelerating-expansion/
#universe #physics #cosmology #darkenergy #comics #humor #heyokyay
Accelerating Expansion | https://heyokyay.com/accelerating-expansion/
#universe #physics #cosmology #darkenergy #comics #humor #heyokyay
Hey everyone, I’m #newhere. I’m interested in #academia, #chinoiserie, #economics, #gametheory, #literature, #lowbrowart, #mathematicians, #mathematics, #philosophy, #physics, #poetry, #science and #talking (and listening...sometimes 😏). Wow, I feel like a snob just looking at those tags, so:
My musical tastes are broad and shallow. I'm basically, guiltily monolingual (though I'd be happy to get back into Hindi if I had someone to talk to... I'm not ready to inflict my French on anyone yet). I have the soul of a stamp-collector, or perhaps, to be kinder, a medieval scholastic. My guilty pleasures include reading shitty, self-indulgent fanfiction fix-its and running too far in dumb places/conditions. I love to travel, especially in moldy, old European cities, but rarely get to do so for pleasure. I also like the outdoors, provided that it doesn't go much above 25 C... Feynman was my first crush. (Actually, that's a lie, I think it was the guy with the turtlenecks from Earth Final Conflict, but I don't even remember his name. No, that's also a lie, I think it was 'Liam.') I may or may not still have a huge man-crush on Pascal.
I find Facebook deeply boring, and not a great way to find new people or ideas (also, everyone I know is on there). Twitter has its uses, but those are mostly: finding interesting thinkers, and then, well, twitting them 😏. I thought about trying Diaspora a few years ago, but now all the cool people I followed on Google+ are... not on Google+ anymore. This is, apparently, what happens to me: the mysterious operations of the free market manage to create something that I really love, and then there isn't enough of a consumer base to actually sustain it. It happens with make-up, books, TV series and ice cream flavors too. Economics is a bitch. (But I love her anyway.)
#Solarcell defect mystery solved after decades of global effort
The new #research shows the first observation of a previously unknown #material defect which limits #silicon #solar cell efficiency.
#switchtosolar #renewables #gosolar #physics #generalphysicsSolar cell defect mystery solved after decades of global effort
A team of scientists at the University of Manchester has solved a key flaw in solar panels after 40 years of research around the world.phys.org
A team of scientists at the University of Manchester has solved a key flaw in solar panels after 40 years of research around the world.phys.org
Free Will Is Real - Scientific American Blog Network
Long, but very interesting article.
#Philosophy #Science #Free Will #Consciousness #Reductionism #Physics #BiologyFree Will Is Real
Philosopher Christian List argues against reductionism and determinism in accounts of the mind.blogs.scientificamerican.com
Philosopher Christian List argues against reductionism and determinism in accounts of the mind.blogs.scientificamerican.com
We Can Save Schroedinger's Cat !
and make some cool computers too
Yale researchers have figured out how to catch and save Schrödinger's famous cat, the symbol of quantum superposition and unpredictability, by anticipating its jumps and acting in real time to save it from proverbial doom.https://phys.org/news/2019-06-physicists-schrodinger-cat.amp
The Yale team used a special approach to indirectly monitor a superconducting artificial atom, with three microwave generators irradiating the atom enclosed in a 3-D cavity made of aluminum. The doubly indirect monitoring method, developed by Minev for superconducting circuits, allows the researchers to observe the atom with unprecedented efficiency.
Microwave radiation stirs the artificial atom as it is simultaneously being observed, resulting in quantum jumps. The tiny quantum signal of these jumps can be amplified without loss to room temperature. Here, their signal can be monitored in real time. This enabled the researchers to see a sudden absence of detection photons (photons emitted by an ancillary state of the atom excited by the microwaves); this tiny absence is the advance warning of a quantum jump.
"The beautiful effect displayed by this experiment is the increase of coherence during the jump, despite its observation," said Devoret. Added Minev, "You can leverage this to not only catch the jump, but also reverse it."
#Science #Quantum #Physics #Schroedinger's #Cat #Mew #CliffBramlettArchivesSciencePhysicists can predict the jumps of Schrodinger's cat (and finally save it)
Yale researchers have figured out how to catch and save Schrödinger's famous cat, the symbol of quantum superposition and unpredictability, by anticipating its jumps and acting in real time to save it from proverbial doom. In the process, they overturn years of cornerstone dogma in quantum physics.phys.org
Yale researchers have figured out how to catch and save Schrödinger's famous cat, the symbol of quantum superposition and unpredictability, by anticipating its jumps and acting in real time to save it from proverbial doom.https://phys.org/news/2019-06-physicists-schrodinger-cat.amp
The Yale team used a special approach to indirectly monitor a superconducting artificial atom, with three microwave generators irradiating the atom enclosed in a 3-D cavity made of aluminum. The doubly indirect monitoring method, developed by Minev for superconducting circuits, allows the researchers to observe the atom with unprecedented efficiency.
Microwave radiation stirs the artificial atom as it is simultaneously being observed, resulting in quantum jumps. The tiny quantum signal of these jumps can be amplified without loss to room temperature. Here, their signal can be monitored in real time. This enabled the researchers to see a sudden absence of detection photons (photons emitted by an ancillary state of the atom excited by the microwaves); this tiny absence is the advance warning of a quantum jump.
"The beautiful effect displayed by this experiment is the increase of coherence during the jump, despite its observation," said Devoret. Added Minev, "You can leverage this to not only catch the jump, but also reverse it."
Yale researchers have figured out how to catch and save Schrödinger's famous cat, the symbol of quantum superposition and unpredictability, by anticipating its jumps and acting in real time to save it from proverbial doom. In the process, they overturn years of cornerstone dogma in quantum physics.phys.org
#magneticfields #navigation #physics #science #cryptochrome #photoreceptorBirds Can See Earth's Magnetic Fields, And Now We Know How That's Possible
The mystery behind how birds navigate might finally be solved: it's not the iron in their beaks providing a magnetic compass, but a protein in their eyes that lets them "see" Earth's magnetic fields.www.sciencealert.com
The mystery behind how birds navigate might finally be solved: it's not the iron in their beaks providing a magnetic compass, but a protein in their eyes that lets them "see" Earth's magnetic fields.www.sciencealert.com
This looks like an impressive 'magic' trick, but it's all down to the physics of friction. Creating tennis ball 'towers'.#Physics #Friction
[Andria Rogava] As a physicist and keen tennis player, I would like to share an amusing “discovery” I recently made. In my office, I have about 20 used tennis balls and so decided to try building some tennis-ball “pyramids”.
As you might expect, a four-level pyramid has a triangular cross-section, with 10 balls at the bottom, followed by six in the next layer, then three and finally one ball on top (image top right). When I carefully removed the three corner balls from the bottom layer plus the upper-most ball, I ended up a with a beautiful, symmetric structure of 16 balls with three hexagonal and three triangular sides (image top left).
Interestingly, the corner balls in the second-bottom layer are kept in equilibrium, hanging over the layer below. These “exposed” balls are held in place because the balls directly above press down on them and into the two adjacent balls of the bottom layer – producing a pair of reaction forces to balance their weight. The torques are balanced too, with enough friction between the felt-covered balls to guarantee equilibrium.
#Physics #Friction
[Andria Rogava] As a physicist and keen tennis player, I would like to share an amusing “discovery” I recently made. In my office, I have about 20 used tennis balls and so decided to try building some tennis-ball “pyramids”.
As you might expect, a four-level pyramid has a triangular cross-section, with 10 balls at the bottom, followed by six in the next layer, then three and finally one ball on top (image top right). When I carefully removed the three corner balls from the bottom layer plus the upper-most ball, I ended up a with a beautiful, symmetric structure of 16 balls with three hexagonal and three triangular sides (image top left).
Interestingly, the corner balls in the second-bottom layer are kept in equilibrium, hanging over the layer below. These “exposed” balls are held in place because the balls directly above press down on them and into the two adjacent balls of the bottom layer – producing a pair of reaction forces to balance their weight. The torques are balanced too, with enough friction between the felt-covered balls to guarantee equilibrium.
Solar panels get an espresso boost
Caffeine shown to protect perovskite layers
Perovskites are a relatively recent addition to the world of solar panels but are responsible for increasing solar efficiency past the 19% efficiency barrier of the 1990s and early 2000s. However, as they heat up it has been shown that tunneling at the atomic scale results, lowering the peak efficiency. These researchers have shown that adding caffeine, of all things, to the mix increases the thermal stability of the layers and making them more efficient on top of it.The superior crystallinity of the PVSK films containing caffeine boast reduced defect densities and better vertical charge transport, allowing for a champion PCE as high as 20.25% (compared to 17% for films without caffeine), he tells Physics World. The caffeine-containing devices are also thermally stable for over 1300 hours at 85°C (compared to just 150 hours for films without caffeine).https://physicsworld.com/a/caffeine-boosts-perovskite-solar-cells/
#Solar #Perovskite #Material #Physics #Science #CliffBramlettArchivesTech
Solar panels get an espresso boost
Caffeine shown to protect perovskite layers
Perovskites are a relatively recent addition to the world of solar panels but are responsible for increasing solar efficiency past the 19% efficiency barrier of the 1990s and early 2000s. However, as they heat up it has been shown that tunneling at the atomic scale results, lowering the peak efficiency. These researchers have shown that adding caffeine, of all things, to the mix increases the thermal stability of the layers and making them more efficient on top of it.The superior crystallinity of the PVSK films containing caffeine boast reduced defect densities and better vertical charge transport, allowing for a champion PCE as high as 20.25% (compared to 17% for films without caffeine), he tells Physics World. The caffeine-containing devices are also thermally stable for over 1300 hours at 85°C (compared to just 150 hours for films without caffeine).https://physicsworld.com/a/caffeine-boosts-perovskite-solar-cells/
#Solar #Perovskite #Material #Physics #Science #CliffBramlettArchivesTech
Solar panels get an espresso boost
Caffeine shown to protect perovskite layers
Perovskites are a relatively recent addition to the world of solar panels but are responsible for increasing solar efficiency past the 19% efficiency barrier of the 1990s and early 2000s. However, as they heat up it has been shown that tunneling at the atomic scale results, lowering the peak efficiency. These researchers have shown that adding caffeine, of all things, to the mix increases the thermal stability of the layers and making them more efficient on top of it.The superior crystallinity of the PVSK films containing caffeine boast reduced defect densities and better vertical charge transport, allowing for a champion PCE as high as 20.25% (compared to 17% for films without caffeine), he tells Physics World. The caffeine-containing devices are also thermally stable for over 1300 hours at 85°C (compared to just 150 hours for films without caffeine).https://physicsworld.com/a/caffeine-boosts-perovskite-solar-cells/
#Solar #Perovskite #Material #Physics #Science #CliffBramlettArchivesTech
The superior crystallinity of the PVSK films containing caffeine boast reduced defect densities and better vertical charge transport, allowing for a champion PCE as high as 20.25% (compared to 17% for films without caffeine), he tells Physics World. The caffeine-containing devices are also thermally stable for over 1300 hours at 85°C (compared to just 150 hours for films without caffeine).https://physicsworld.com/a/caffeine-boosts-perovskite-solar-cells/
